Значения английских модальных глаголов
При переводе предложений с модальными глаголами трудности возникают из-за многообразия их значений в различных функциях. Некоторые глаголы могут выполнять несколько функций:
1) вспомогательный глагол:
· для образования времен – will, shall, would, have, be;
· для образования форм сослагательного наклонения – should, would;
2) модальный глагол – can, could, may, might, must, need, ought to, should, shall, will, would, have to, be to, dare;
3) эмоционально-усилительная функция – should.
4.1. CAN
| Значение | Пример | |
| Ability | ||
| · general ability | “Now, you pray, Harold,” she said. “I can’t”, said Krebs. | |
| · capability | We can discussyour paper after lunch. | |
| Theoretical Possibility | ||
| · general possibility | Anybody who wants to can become a prison visitor. | |
| · possibility due to circumstances | Can we use the indefinite article with this noun? | |
| · occasional possibility | The Strait of Dover can be very rough. | |
| · disbelief | She can hardly be expected to perform any serious function | |
| · uncertainty / doubt | Can he be making investigation all alone? | |
| Improbability | She can’t have been waiting for us so long. | |
| Permission | ||
| · asking for / granting / refusing | Can I come and see your pictures? / Of course, you can. / Of course, you can’t. | |
| Opportunity | It’s the only occupation where you can be absolutely undistinguished and still flatter yourself a bit. |
COULD
| Значение | Пример | |
| Ability | ||
| · general ability | The boy could read before he went to school. | |
| · capability | He could read a great deal during the holidays. | |
| · particular ability | Simon was so tired that he couldn’t open the door. | |
| Theoretical Possibility | ||
| · possibility / impossibility due to circumstances | You couldsee the forest through the other window before the new block of houses was erected. | |
| · general possibility | Anyone couldcome and ask him for help. | |
| · occasional possibility | My grandmother could be very unpleasant at times. | |
| · uncertainty / doubt | Could she have been waiting for us so long? | |
| · improbability | You couldn’t be hungry. You’ve just had dinner. | |
| Opportunity | You could have found a more ingenious excuse. | |
| Permission | ||
| · asking for | Could I borrow $100? | |
| · general permission | On Sundays we could stay up late. |
MAY
| Значение | Пример | |
| Permission | ||
| · asking for | Now may I go? | |
| · granting | You may smoke in here. | |
| · refusing | Members may not bring more than two visitors into the club. | |
| Possibility | ||
| · ‘chance’ possibility (=possibly) | I wonder how Tom knew about Ann’s engagement? – He may have heard it from Jack. | |
| · possibility due to circumstances | Time adverbs may come at either the end of the sentence, but not in the middle. | |
| · supposition implying uncertainty | He may be busy getting ready for his trip. | |
| · reluctance | I may as well take the child with me. |
MIGHT
| Значение | Пример | |
| Permission | ||
| · asking for | Might I speak to him now? | |
| Possibility | ||
| · ‘chance’ possibility (= possibly) | He came home alone. You shouldn’t have let him do that; he might have got lost. | |
| · possibility due to circumstances | It’s too late to phone him now. He might be sleeping. | |
| · supposition implying uncertainty | He might be doing his lessons now. | |
| · reluctance | “I’ll go at six.” “That’s far too late; you might just as well not go at all.” |
MUST
| Значение | Пример | |
| Speaker’s / external authority | ||
| · obligation | I must remind you that you are giving a presentation tomorrow. | |
| · self-imposed duty | I must see if I can find you something. | |
| · necessity | You must leave her out of it. | |
| · instructions | A trailer must have two rear lamps. | |
| · order | Staff must be at their desks by 9.00. | |
| · emphatic advice | You must come and see us when you are in London. | |
| · prohibition | Staff mustn’t smoke when serving customers. | |
| · deduction | He has a house in London and another in Paris, so he must be rich. |
NEED
| Значение | Пример | |
| Necessity (speaker’s authority) | ||
| · absence of necessity | You needn’t make two copies. One will do. | |
| · advice | You needn’t worry. Everything will be OK. |
OUGHT TO
| Значение | Пример | |
| Obligation (neither speaker’s authority or external authority) | ||
| · advisability | You ought to read this book. It’s very good. | |
| · desirability | You ought to say a word or two about yourself. | |
| · duty | You ought to feel some respect for your elders. | |
| · appropriateness | At your age you ought to be earning your living. | |
| Deduction | ||
| · flattery | You ought to be very pleased, oughtn’t you? | |
| · assumption | The plane ought to be taking off in a minute. | |
| · deduction | The new sanatorium ought to be very comfortable. | |
| · criticism | You’re paler than you ought to be. |
SHOULD
| Значение | Пример | |
| Obligation (neither speaker’s authority or external authority) | ||
| · advisability | You shouldn’t feel unhappy over such trifles. | |
| · desirability | He looks very ill. He should have stayed at home. | |
| · duty | You should send in accurate income tax returns. | |
| · appropriateness | You should have something better to do with your time. | |
| · instruction | You should use the definite article in this sentence. | |
| Deduction | ||
| · deduction | The film should be very good as it’s starring first-class actors. | |
| · assumption | He should have finished the translation by now. | |
| Emotional use | ||
| · rhetorical questions | Why shouldn’t you invite him? | |
| · object clauses beginning with Why | I don’t see why we should make friends. | |
| · attributive clauses beginning with Why after the noun reason | There’s no reason why they shouldn’t get on very well together. | |
| · constructions and set phrases | Who should come in but his first wife! | |
| · subjunctive mood | She was terrified lest they should go on talking about her. |
SHALL
| Значение | Пример | |
| Prediction | I shall come into his money in time. | |
| Volition (speaker’s authority) | ||
| · promise | You shall have my answer tomorrow. | |
| · intention | I shall marry Francis whatever happens. | |
| · threat | ‘You shall stay just where you are!’ his mother cried angrily. | |
| · warning | You shan’t find it easy to accept. | |
| · offer | Shall I carry that for you? | |
| · suggestion | Shall we tell him? | |
| · instruction | Members shall enter the names of their guests in the book provided. | |
| · request for advice | Which one shall I buy? |
WILL / WOULD
| Значение | Пример | |
| Prediction | ||
| · pure future | He knows he will be late. / He knew he would be late. | |
| · present predictive | He’ll have finished his supper by now. / Who would that be? | |
| · habitual predictive | An Englishman will usually show you the way in the street. / On Sundays he would getup early and go fishing. | |
| Volition | ||
| · willingness | I’ll have a sherry, please. | |
| · invitation | Will you have a drink? / What would you like to drink? | |
| · intention | He wouldn’t help me yesterday. / I keep asking him for help but he won’t help me. | |
| · insistence | If you will keep your watch half an hour slow it is hardly surprising that you are late for your appointments. / We all tried to stop him smoking in bed but he would do it. | |
| Informal use expressing a characteristic action (would) | Bill objected. – He would! | |
| Assumption (will) | That will be Ann. |
HAVE TO
| Значение | Пример | |
| Obligation (external authority) | I have to wipe my feet every time I come in his room. | |
| Necessity (external authority) | I don’t have to work a full day on Saturday. | |
| Deduction | I wonder who took the money. – It had to be Tom. He’s the only one who was there. | |
| Emphatic use | One has only to read the business journal to see the real origin of this war. |
BE TO
| Значение | Пример | |
| Obligation/necessity (external authority) | ||
| · order | He is to stay here till we return. | |
| · plan | We were to discuss it the following week. | |
| · instruction | All junior officers are to report to the colonel at once. | |
| Possibility (rare) | Nothing was to be done under the circumstances. | |
| Something that is destined to happen | He didn’t know at that time that he was never to see his native place again. |
BE ABLE TO
| Значение | Пример | |
| Possibility | I have never been able to understand him. |
DARE
| Значение | Пример | |
| Volition | How dare she come here? |
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