Значения английских модальных глаголов

<232425 26 27 28 29 >

При переводе предложений с модальными глаголами трудности возникают из-за многообразия их значений в различных функциях. Некоторые глаголы могут выполнять несколько функций:

1) вспомогательный глагол:

· для образования времен – will, shall, would, have, be;

· для образования форм сослагательного наклонения – should, would;

2) модальный глагол – can, could, may, might, must, need, ought to, should, shall, will, would, have to, be to, dare;

3) эмоционально-усилительная функция – should.

4.1. CAN

	Значение	Пример
	Ability
· general ability	“Now, you pray, Harold,” she said. “I can’t”, said Krebs.
· capability	We can discussyour paper after lunch.
	Theoretical Possibility
· general possibility	Anybody who wants to can become a prison visitor.
· possibility due to circumstances	Can we use the indefinite article with this noun?
· occasional possibility	The Strait of Dover can be very rough.
· disbelief	She can hardly be expected to perform any serious function
· uncertainty / doubt	Can he be making investigation all alone?
	Improbability	She can’t have been waiting for us so long.
	Permission
· asking for / granting / refusing	Can I come and see your pictures? / Of course, you can. / Of course, you can’t.
	Opportunity	It’s the only occupation where you can be absolutely undistinguished and still flatter yourself a bit.

COULD

	Значение	Пример
	Ability
· general ability	The boy could read before he went to school.
· capability	He could read a great deal during the holidays.
· particular ability	Simon was so tired that he couldn’t open the door.
	Theoretical Possibility
· possibility / impossibility due to circumstances	You couldsee the forest through the other window before the new block of houses was erected.
· general possibility	Anyone couldcome and ask him for help.
· occasional possibility	My grandmother could be very unpleasant at times.
· uncertainty / doubt	Could she have been waiting for us so long?
· improbability	You couldn’t be hungry. You’ve just had dinner.
	Opportunity	You could have found a more ingenious excuse.
	Permission
· asking for	Could I borrow $100?
· general permission	On Sundays we could stay up late.

MAY

	Значение	Пример
	Permission
· asking for	Now may I go?
· granting	You may smoke in here.
· refusing	Members may not bring more than two visitors into the club.
	Possibility
· ‘chance’ possibility (=possibly)	I wonder how Tom knew about Ann’s engagement? – He may have heard it from Jack.
· possibility due to circumstances	Time adverbs may come at either the end of the sentence, but not in the middle.
· supposition implying uncertainty	He may be busy getting ready for his trip.
· reluctance	I may as well take the child with me.

MIGHT

	Значение	Пример
	Permission
· asking for	Might I speak to him now?
	Possibility
· ‘chance’ possibility (= possibly)	He came home alone. You shouldn’t have let him do that; he might have got lost.
· possibility due to circumstances	It’s too late to phone him now. He might be sleeping.
· supposition implying uncertainty	He might be doing his lessons now.
· reluctance	“I’ll go at six.” “That’s far too late; you might just as well not go at all.”

MUST

	Значение	Пример
	Speaker’s / external authority
· obligation	I must remind you that you are giving a presentation tomorrow.
· self-imposed duty	I must see if I can find you something.
· necessity	You must leave her out of it.
· instructions	A trailer must have two rear lamps.
· order	Staff must be at their desks by 9.00.
· emphatic advice	You must come and see us when you are in London.
· prohibition	Staff mustn’t smoke when serving customers.
· deduction	He has a house in London and another in Paris, so he must be rich.

NEED

	Значение	Пример
	Necessity (speaker’s authority)
· absence of necessity	You needn’t make two copies. One will do.
· advice	You needn’t worry. Everything will be OK.

OUGHT TO

	Значение	Пример
	Obligation (neither speaker’s authority or external authority)
· advisability	You ought to read this book. It’s very good.
· desirability	You ought to say a word or two about yourself.
· duty	You ought to feel some respect for your elders.
· appropriateness	At your age you ought to be earning your living.
	Deduction
· flattery	You ought to be very pleased, oughtn’t you?
· assumption	The plane ought to be taking off in a minute.
· deduction	The new sanatorium ought to be very comfortable.
· criticism	You’re paler than you ought to be.

SHOULD

	Значение	Пример
	Obligation (neither speaker’s authority or external authority)
· advisability	You shouldn’t feel unhappy over such trifles.
· desirability	He looks very ill. He should have stayed at home.
· duty	You should send in accurate income tax returns.
· appropriateness	You should have something better to do with your time.
· instruction	You should use the definite article in this sentence.
	Deduction
· deduction	The film should be very good as it’s starring first-class actors.
· assumption	He should have finished the translation by now.
	Emotional use
· rhetorical questions	Why shouldn’t you invite him?
· object clauses beginning with Why	I don’t see why we should make friends.
· attributive clauses beginning with Why after the noun reason	There’s no reason why they shouldn’t get on very well together.
· constructions and set phrases	Who should come in but his first wife!
· subjunctive mood	She was terrified lest they should go on talking about her.

SHALL

	Значение	Пример
	Prediction	I shall come into his money in time.
	Volition (speaker’s authority)
· promise	You shall have my answer tomorrow.
· intention	I shall marry Francis whatever happens.
· threat	‘You shall stay just where you are!’ his mother cried angrily.
· warning	You shan’t find it easy to accept.
· offer	Shall I carry that for you?
· suggestion	Shall we tell him?
· instruction	Members shall enter the names of their guests in the book provided.
· request for advice	Which one shall I buy?

WILL / WOULD

	Значение	Пример
	Prediction
· pure future	He knows he will be late. / He knew he would be late.
· present predictive	He’ll have finished his supper by now. / Who would that be?
· habitual predictive	An Englishman will usually show you the way in the street. / On Sundays he would getup early and go fishing.
	Volition
· willingness	I’ll have a sherry, please.
· invitation	Will you have a drink? / What would you like to drink?
· intention	He wouldn’t help me yesterday. / I keep asking him for help but he won’t help me.
· insistence	If you will keep your watch half an hour slow it is hardly surprising that you are late for your appointments. / We all tried to stop him smoking in bed but he would do it.
	Informal use expressing a characteristic action (would)	Bill objected. – He would!
	Assumption (will)	That will be Ann.

HAVE TO

	Значение	Пример
	Obligation (external authority)	I have to wipe my feet every time I come in his room.
	Necessity (external authority)	I don’t have to work a full day on Saturday.
	Deduction	I wonder who took the money. – It had to be Tom. He’s the only one who was there.
	Emphatic use	One has only to read the business journal to see the real origin of this war.

BE TO

	Значение	Пример
	Obligation/necessity (external authority)
· order	He is to stay here till we return.
· plan	We were to discuss it the following week.
· instruction	All junior officers are to report to the colonel at once.
	Possibility (rare)	Nothing was to be done under the circumstances.
	Something that is destined to happen	He didn’t know at that time that he was never to see his native place again.