Part III. PHILOSOPHICAL and METHODOLOGICAL PROBLEMS of the DISCIPLINARY-ORGANIZED SCIENCE

The basic paradigms in the development of natural-science knowledge.Specificity of natural-science knowledge. Typology of system objects and their understanding in developing natural sciences. Features of object, a method and cognition means in natural sciences. Specificity of language of natural-science knowledge.

Classical natural sciences: forming of the first scientific programs. Physics and its place in the structure of natural-science knowledge. The general scientific status of a mechanistic picture of the world in cultural space of a classical science.

Origin of disciplinary natural sciences. Features of interrelation of physics, chemistry, and biology. A problem of scientific knowledge unity. Interaction of natural and technical sciences.

Non-classical natural sciences: revolutionary changes in the physics at the end of XIX – first half of XX^th century. Philosophical aspects of the special and general theory of relativity, the quantum mechanics and cosmology. Genetic revolution in biology and forming of the synthetic theory of evolution. Cybernetics and the general theory of systems, their role in the change of style of scientific thinking. Functioning approach as a methodological basis of non-classical natural sciences.

Post-nonclassical natural sciences and search of a new type of rationality. Historically developing, anthropo-dimensional objects, complex systems as objects of research in post-nonclassical natural sciences. Possibilities and prospects of interdisciplinary methodology. The interdisciplinary status of synergetics and its place in cultural space of a post-nonclassical science.

Phenomenon of sciences ecologization. Ecology in the system of culture. Humanitarian and ethical examination of scientific projects as feature of a post-nonclassical paradigm in natural sciences. Historical development of natural-science knowledge: from value-neutral to ethically and axiologically loaded knowledge.

Philosophy of technics and technical rationality.Technics as object of a philosophical reflection. Historical evolution of technics concept and its modern interpretations.

Subject and structure of philosophy of technics. Historical and theoretical preconditions of philosophy of technics origin. A problem of a technical reality. Technics functions, its role and the status in civilisation history. Genesis and social dynamics of the technosphere.

Man in technosphere. Formation techno-structure of the XXI-st century. Globalization of technical systems. Concept of technopolises and technopopulations. Nano-technologies and biotechnologies.

Problem of estimation of economic, social and cultural, social and ecological consequences of technics development. Information and computer revolution in a foreshortening of the philosophical and methodological analysis.

Engineering thinking and forming of technocratic ideas about society development. Scientific discovery. Intentional and rationalizational activity. Projection. Design. Philosophical and methodological aspects of designing of difficult anthropotechnical complexes.

Virtual reality as a social and cultural phenomenon of an information-oriented society. Problem of an intellectual property. Computer revolution in a social context. Information, mediatization of modern society and the social control over the person. The information and knowledge.

Philosophical understanding of an artificial intelligence problem. Computer representation of knowledge as a problem of information epistemology. The information and knowledge.

Correlation of science and technics: linear and evolutionary models. Technical sciences and applied natural sciences.

Philosophy of social and humanitarian knowledge. Social philosophy and social and humanitarian knowledge. Social and humanitarian, technical and natural-science knowledge: the comparative analysis.

Society as a subject of social and humanitarian knowledge. Specificity of object and the subject of social and humanitarian knowledge. Nominalistic (methodological individualism) and realistic (methodological universalism) traditions in social science. Monologism and dialogism as modi of social and humanitarian cognition. Subject and practical, cognitive and value standard orientations of social and humanitarian cognition.

Research programs in social science. The naturalistic program and its basic versions: methodological reductionism, ethnocentrism, organicism. The cultural and historical research program: the reality as the world of meanings. A phenomenon of historical method. Psychological, social and psychological programs: the general and specific. Sociologism in social science. Materialistic understanding of history.

Problem of synthesis of research programs of social and humanitarian cognition and variants of its decision. Problem of truth in social and humanitarian cognition. Truth and value, truth and plain truth.

Concept of scientific discipline of social and humanitarian cognition. Problem of classification of social sciences and humanities.

Historical sciences as a subject of philosophical and methodological understanding. Political science and jurisprudence in aspect of methodological understanding. Philosophy and economy: methodological regulatives of modern economic cognition.

Problems and prospects of understanding of interdisciplinary methodologies of thinking in social and humanitarian cognition.

AS THE CONCLUSION.