ФИЛОСОФИЯ И НАУКА НА РУБЕЖЕ XX И XXI ВЕКОВ

Проблема «конца философии» в прошлом и настоящем. «Проект модерна» как предмет критической дискуссии. Философия постмодернизма: духовно-теоретические истоки и основные этапы становления. Ценности и цели философии в эпоху постмодерна.

Философия и футурология. Глобализация как процесс формирования нового миропорядка и объект социально-философского осмысления. Основные модели и сценарии глобализации. Социокультурные параметры глобализации.

Коммуникативная парадигма в современной социальной философии. Глобальный рынок информационных технологий и сетевые структуры коммуникаций. Этика коммуникации и дискурса.

Философия и экологические императивы современной цивилизации. Человек и природа в техногенной культуре. Перспективы устойчивого развития и коэволюция человека и биосферы. Этика, экономика и право как необходимые компоненты экологической культуры постиндустриального общества.

Духовно-экологическая цивилизация как идеал и цель развития человечества. «Эпоха глобализма» и проблема развития белорусской национальной культуры и государственности.

Философия как методология междисциплинарного синтеза знаний. Интегративные тенденции в развитии науки и перспективы синергетического стиля мышления. Проблема научной рациональности и формы ее эволюции в современной философии науки.

Примерный тематический план курса

«Философия и методология науки»

(120 часов)

Приведенный примерный тематический план учебного курса «Философия и методология науки» представляет собой самую общую его структурно-содержательную модель. Естественно, он должен рассматриваться как одна из возможных версий содержательно-тематической развёртки предложенного курса. Принцип вариативности современного философского образования предполагает разработку профильных (по группам вузов, специальностей, направлений научных исследований и т.д.) учебных программ, в которых базовая философско-методологическая проблематика, обозначенная в данной программе, может приобретать иные формы структурной компановки и содержательной акцентации.

Конечно, предложенная дифференциация выступает самой общей схемой учета конкретно-профессиональных требований магистрантов, аспирантов и соискателей в процессе изучения курса «Философия и методология науки». Дальнейшая конкретизация и содержательное углубление этой схемы может быть осуществлено в различных учебных заведениях и научных центрах в соответствии с их спецификой на основе сохранения базовых требований предлагаемой программы.

Одной из новаций данной программы является акцент на необходимости существенной активизации творческой самостоятельной работы аспиранта по осмыслению и анализу предложенной литературы (как основной, так и дополнительной) и авторской интерпретации наиболее важных и актуальных проблем современной философии и методологии науки с учетом профиля диссертационных исследований, выполняемых аспирантами. Эта работа осуществляется, прежде всего, в процессе подготовки реферата по курсу «Философии и методологии науки» с последующей его защитой при сдаче кандидатского экзамена.

Опыт работы с аспирантами, накопленный во многих учебных и научных центрах Республики Беларусь, а также в странах СНГ, свидетельствует о том, что это очень важный и значимый компонент в системе философско-методологической подготовки аспирантов в целом. Он требует не только от аспиранта, но от его научного руководителя больших затрат времени и серьезного внимания к выбору темы реферата, а также информационно-теоретическому обеспечению его надлежащего уровня.

Авторский коллектив с благодарностью примет все конструктивные замечания, направленные на дальнейшее совершенствование предложенного учебного пособия по курсу «Философия и методология науки».

Introduction

Modern tendencies in the development of education focus the mastering of specialized educational programs at post-graduate level. According to the native traditions such programs are being done in the process of training of scientific and pedagogic stuff. The necessity to adapt the educational experience and progressive innovational technologies accumulated in the leading universities poses a number of challenges modern post-graduate courses face today. First of all it is the problem of unification of the profound professional training and the ways of its social and cultural adaptation. The point is to form and to develop in post-graduates the need to gain skills in scientific and pedagogic work, to solve actual scientific and research problems effectively, as well adequately evaluate the role and significance of new scientific ideas for the social development, to determine their value and anthropological dimension. This strategy in the development of specialized education meets with the main tendencies of the modern science dynamics; integrate which intensively instrumental, technological, social and cultural parameters of the scientific cognition.

With the above in mind, it is in principle to organize the study and research process at post-graduate level in such a manner, that they can organically combine specific scientific problems with general methodological training, which assume adequate perception and reflexive evaluation of ones own professional priorities.

Because of this it is necessary to positively evaluate the tradition existing in the national Universities, according to which the successful training of scientific and pedagogic stuff presupposes a systematic study of philosophy and the shaping on this background skills of reflexive and methodological thinking.

In present-day situation the role and meaning of philosophical and methodological training of post-graduates and young scientists increases greatly. It is determined by the complex of objective factors which takes place in the society and forms the social dynamics problematic at the turn of the XX-XXI centuries. The frontal implantation of the science and modern information technologies in the most important spheres of the social activities, the globalization of the worlds development, permanent worsening of the ecological problems, rise of the multiply centers of regional tension connected with the processes of transformation and modernization of post-socialistic and developing states, phenomenon of the culture popularization and formation of nonlinear and virtual models of the life of consciousness – these and many other phenomena rise the problems of philosophical, world outlook, logical and methodological level. Their professional and creative comprehension requires serious and accentuated trainings of future scientists and teachers.

The course “Philosophy and methodology of science” is summoned to contribute to the solving of this cardinal problem and according to the resolution of the High Certificating Committee it is recommended for studying in post-graduate courses and is oriented, in the first place, on the problems of philosophical and methodological ensuring of scientific and professional work of post-graduates and competitors, their creative understanding of appropriate philosophical problems, directly connected to the problems of logics, methodology, sociology of science and education.

The change to the multilevel system of education realized today in the high educational establishments of Belarus determined the orientation of the board of philosophy and methodology of science to the following model of philosophy teaching.

The first level. The course “Philosophy” given at this level has to lay the foundation of students grounding in philosophy and provides him with the possibility of the worlds classical philosophical tradition systematic mastering.

The second level – training of the professionally qualified specialists. The course “Philosophy in the modern World”. A distinctive feature of this course is an accented orientation on a problem and substantial features of modern philosophical way of thinking. The course main goal consists in getting the students acquainted with the most considerable ideas and concepts of postclassical philosophy on the basic knowledge of philosophy which is already available for them.

The third level is oriented on the problems of post degree education within the limits of magistracy and postgraduate studies; it supposes the studying of the course «Philosophy and science methodology». This course is developed according to «the Program-minimum of the candidate examination in philosophy and methodology of science, adopted by the HAC order of the 30th of December 2004 № 179. First of all it is focused on philosophical and methodological maintenance of the future professional pedagogical and research activity of holders of master’s degrees, post-graduate students and competitors. The prior attention in it is given to the problems of creative understanding of the corresponding philosophical problems directly related to the questions of logics and methodology of science. Because of this, the conceptual and theoretical basis of a course offered in the given manual is interpreted by authors, first of all, as a philosophy and methodology of scientific knowledge. However, as the modern understanding of a science assumes obligatory disclosing of its various measurements and implications (social and ecological, anthropological, social and cultural, etc.) so far the epistemological problem area is closely connected with questions of social philosophy, philosophical anthropology and other parts of philosophical knowledge. As a result the course gets complete and systematic character, but in its substantial and thematic accents distinctly dominates the logical, methodological and scientific range of problems.

It is necessary to admit, that not only in Belarus, but also in a number of other post-soviet republics, similar processes of search and grounding of the differentiated technologies of the philosophical education development take place. So, in the Russian Federation, there is a decision to teach the course «History and philosophy of science» at the level of post-degree educational programs. In the Ukraine this course is positioned as «Philosophy and methodology of science». In other words, availability and urgency of such orientation in the development of world outlook, philosophical and methodological training of master’s degree holders, post-graduate students and competitors find their convincing confirmation.

The purpose of the given edition is the publication of the teaching and methodical complex, called for optimization of the studying of the new course «Philosophy and methodology of science» at the level of post-degree education, and also to render the scientific and methodical assistance for master’s degree holders, post-graduate students and competitors in the process of preparation to and passing the candidate minimum examination in the given discipline.

While working out of the given manual the group of authors was guided by the considerable experience in teaching of philosophy and philosophical disciplines at post-degree educational level which was accumulated for many years on the sub-faculty of philosophy and methodology of science BSU. It is natural, that this experience is comprehended through the prism of its adaptation to a modern level of the development of philosophy and its forms of interrelation with a modern science and culture.

One of the distinctive features of the given teaching and methodical textbook is its complex character assuming the presence of concrete substantial and methodical recommendations for students at all the stages of training for postgraduate study entrance examinations in philosophical disciplines, and then to examinations of a candidate minimum as well. Proceeding from the reasons of expediency of the unified conceptually proved schedule of a lecture course on philosophy for post-graduate students of humanitarian and natural-science specialities, authors of the textbook consider essentially important to specify seminars, discussions and practical works on actual problems of philosophy taking into consideration the type and features of the humanitarian and natural-science knowledge. This approach has its full reflection in the given textbook. One can find in it the elaborated scenarios of philosophical practical work on various topics and trends of modern philosophy and methodology of science; besides the extensive philosophical literature is given and carefully classified.

The special attention is given to scientific and methodical recommendations for writing projects in philosophy in order to direct post-graduate students towards the creative and innovative attitude to the choice of the philosophical project topic, and to the forms of its substantial disclosing.

In the textbook structure seven basic substantial and functional blocks are represented. The first of them contains the course curriculun of «Philosophy and methodology of science», adopted by HAC of Belarus, and also some necessary methodical recommendations and explanations, made to emphasize the most important and debatable aspects of the given program.

The second part represents structural and substantial reconstruction of a lecture course on the given discipline which shows the author's version of interpretation of its major problems and positions.

The third part contains methodically and thematically grounded complexes of questions and problems that are offered to post-graduate students and competitors to think them over at seminars, colloquiums, while discussions. Thus, concrete recommendations are given and necessary materials are picked up for the organization of practical works at the post-graduate students of natural-science and humanitarian specialities option.

The fourth part of the edition proposes topics for projects and analytical reviews of the major and most actual problems of the course «Philosophy and methodology of science», and is made with taking into consideration a profile of scientific and professional work of post-graduate students of various faculties and specialities.

The fifth part contains the materials, which allow to organize the practical works ­ and seminars on studying and analyzing of carefully selected sources and original texts, presenting the most considerable achievements in the field of native and foreign philosophy and methodology of science.

In the sixth part of the edition one can find the referential list of control questions for the course «Philosophy and methodology of science», made to optimized the preparation of post-graduate students and competitors for examination of a candidate minimum in the given discipline.

In the seventh part there is a representative selection of the educational, I&R, basic and additional literature which is recommended for those who study the given course in order to understand the offered material on philosophy and methodology of science at various substantial levels and with various teaching and methodical purposes.

The program requirements for post-graduate students and competitors from the humanitarian and natural-science specialities, who are going to pass the candidate examination on philosophy and methodology of science

Those who are passing the candidate examination in philosophy and methodology of science is to show high level of philosophical and methodological culture, a profound knowledge at a specialized course "Philosophy and methodology of science", skills in research thinking and ability of philosophical understanding of actual problems natural sciences and humanities.

The examination card includes 3 questions. Formulas of two questions correspond to a problem area considered on lectures and seminars at the course of philosophy and methodology of a science, studied at magistracy and post-graduate courses. The third question will be set on the topic of the presented project and assumes quality check of philosophical and methodological preparation of the post-graduate student and his skills of analytical thinking.

Examinee in philosophy and methodology of science must show the sufficient knowledge of original philosophical texts and the monographic works which are listed as the literature recommended for preparation for practical works in each part of the educational course.

Part I.
PHILOSOPHY AND VALUES OF THE MODERN CIVILIZATION

The status and mission of philosophy in the life of society. Philosophy, outlook, culture. The nature of the philosophical problems. Philosophy as personal knowledge and rational and critical form of outlook. A problem of scientific character of philosophy.

Cultural traditions of the East and the West and types of philosophical thinking. Philosophy and national consciousness.

The basic research strategies in post-classical West European philosophy.

Multidimensionality of a philosophy phenomenon. Social and cultural status and functions of philosophy in the modern world of cultural variety. The role of philosophy in forming of person‘s valuable orientations and principles of biosphere thinking.

Philosophical understanding of the problem of being. The search of the metaphysical bases being in various philosophical systems.

Ontology as the teaching of being and its interpretation in philosophy. The basic forms of being and their interrelation. Ontology of human subjectivity and culture in non-classical philosophy.

Being and matter. Evolution of ideas about matter. Modern science about matter structure.

The topological and temporal organization of a material world. Substantial and relational concepts of space and time. Specificity of biological space and time. Being of man and the Time.

Nature as a subject of philosophical and scientific knowledge. Self-organization and development of Nature. System-evolutionary paradigm in modern natural sciences.

Nature as an inhabitancy of Man. Biosphere and noosphere. The idea of co-evolution of Man and Nature. Social and ecological strategy of nature management.

Philosophy of global evolutionism. Dynamism of being and the concept of development. Dynamics and development.

Understanding of dialectics in the history of philosophy: ontological, gnoseological and logical aspects of dialectics. Dialectics as the philosophical theory of development. Modern discussions about the value of dialectics. Features of social dialectics.

Dialectics and synergetics. A role of synergetic in understanding of evolutionary processes.

Heuristic potential of global evolutionism and problems of the development in modern scientific picture of the world.

The problem of Man in philosophy. Man as a subject of the philosophical and scientific analysis. Multidimensionality of Man phenomenon. The basic approaches to its understanding. Images of Man in the history of philosophy and culture.

Origin of Man. The basic concepts of anthroposociogenesis. Man as a biosocial phenomenon. Corporality and spirituality of Man. The basic qualities of Man as a biosocial being. The problem of essence and existence of Man. Individual, individuality, personality.

Consciousness as a subject of philosophical understanding. Multidimensionality and poly-functionality of consciousness. Existential and phenomenological, social and cultural, and psychoanalytic traditions in the research of consciousness. Philosophy and cognitive sciences about the structure and functions of consciousness. Consciousness, language, communications. Consciousness and intelligence. A problem of an artificial intelligence: transhumanism forecasts.

Axiological parameters of Man’s being in the world. A phenomenon of subjectivity and existential experience of Man. A personal choice and a problem of life meaning of Man. Philosophical understanding of death and immortality phenomena. Freedom and responsibility as existential opposition in Man’s being.

Man in the system of social communications. Man and values of mass culture.

Anthropological crisis as the phenomenon of a modern man-caused civilization.

Specificity of a social reality. A place of social philosophy in the system of philosophical knowledge. Social philosophy and social sciences and humanities in the study of society. The concept of social reality. Society as a system. Concept of social structure of the society. Types of social structures. Modern concepts of social stratification.

The basic research strategies of social reality in modern philosophy. The Marxist concept of society. M.Weber’s concept of social action. Society as a product of social rationalization. Society model in the T. Parsons’ concept of structural functionalism. Social rationality and communicative action in J. Habermas’ theory.

The basic problems of social dynamics. Society as a developing system. The problem of sources and motive forces of social dynamics. Base factors of social evolution. The nature of social contradictions, conflicts, revolutions and reforms.

The status and functions of the social subject. Transformation and modernization in the conditions of a transition period.

The basic concepts and stages of the development of philosophy of history. Variability in social development. Historical alternatives and a choice of ways of development of society.

Linear and nonlinear interpretations of historical process. Formational and civilizational paradigms in the philosophy of history.

The basic concepts of social progress and their alternatives. Criteria of progress. Humanism as a measure of spiritual and valuable dimension of a social progress.

Society development as a civilizational process. Concept and civilization types in the history of society (pre-industrial, industrial, postindustrial). Deadlocks and contradictions of the man-caused civilization. Prospects and problems of an information-oriented society.

Local civilizations and the problem of preservation of cultural and civilizational identity in the modern world. A polilog of cultural traditions or «clash of civilizations» (S. Hantington). Globalization phenomenon.

East Slavic people between the West and the East. The basic preconditions and factors of consolidation of the East Slavic people. The problem of historical self-identification of Belarus and the basic vectors of the development of modern byelorussian society.

Philosophy of culture. Concept of culture. The basic paradigms of the philosophical analysis of culture (axiological, semiotic, functional, game, etc.).

Traditions and innovations in the dynamics of culture. The problem of unity and variety of cultural and historical process. Globalization of the social and cultural space and dialogue of cultures.

Culture and spiritual life of the society. Spirituality and value forms of consciousness. Morality as the form of standard regulation of human behavior. Art and specificity of Man’s aesthetic attitude to the world. Religion as the form of spiritual assimilating of the reality.

Spirituality metamorphoses in a modern society. Social mythology, utopia, ideology as forms of social consciousness. A problem of social and cultural identification of Man in a modern society. Values common to all mankind and universal values of modern humanism.

The newest tendencies in social and cultural development of the world community and the form of their philosophical understanding.