Washer 20.01.016 State Standard 11371-78.

Table 4.8

Figure 4.20 – Types of washers

THREAD JOINTS

Basic types of joints with the use of considered previously connecting elements are connection by a bolt, screw, stud, and also pipe joints. These types of joints (except of a pipe) have the three depictions: structural, simplified and conventional.

The structuraldepiction suits all structural elements of the parts of a joint.

The simplifieddepiction is used for details without chamfers, a thread is represented along the length of a bar of a thread part, a clearance between a bar and an opening is not shown.

A conventionaldepiction is used in those cases, when the diameter of a bar on a drawing less than 2 mm. State Standard 2.315:2008 is used for simplified joints.

Pipe joints are done only structurally.

BOLT JOINTS

A bolt joint consists of a bolt – 3, a nut –5 and a washer –3 (fig.4.21, а). There are two parts in the bolt joint also (d₁ and d₂ – their thickness).

At the structural drawing of a thread connection opening diameter equals 1.1×d_n (where d_n is a nominal diameter of a bolt thread). Actual working length of a bolt is found as a sum of the followings parameters: L=d₁+ d₂ +H_n +S_w + 0.25×d_n,

where d₁ and d₂ – the thickness of connecting parts, H_n– the thickness of a nut, S_w – the thickness of a washer, d_n – the nominal diameter of a thread. The received sum is rounded to the nearest from the resulted standard row of workings lengths – L at table 4.9.

Table 4.9

At the simplified drawing of a bolt joint for the calculation of working length of a bolt - L the dependence is used:

L=d₁ + d₂ +1,3×d_n,

where d₁ and d₂ – the thickness of connecting parts, d_n – the nominal diameter of a thread.

The parameter 1,3×d_n approximately takes into account the structural sizes of the thickness of a washer, the height of a nut and stocked on length of a bolt. For the implementation of the simplified drawing of a bolt joint the followings correlations are used:

D=2´ d_n; D_w=2,2´ d_n; H=0,8´ d_n; S_w=0,15 ´ d_n; h=0,7´ d_n.

The structural drawing of a bolt joint is presented in figure 4.21, a and it is simplified – in figure 4.21, b.

а) b)

Figure 4.21 – The bolt joint

STUD JOINTS

A stud joint consists of a stud - 3 (figure 4.22), a washer - 4 and a nut - 5. An opening is shown in a part 1, its diameter equals 1,1´ d_n (where d_n is a nominal diameter of a stud thread) at the structural drawing of a thread joint. Actual working length of a stud is found as a sum of the followings parameters:

L =d₁+Hn +S_w + 0.25×d_n,

where d₁ is the thickness of a connecting part, H_nis the thickness of nut, S_wis the thickness of a washer, d_n is the nominal diameter of a thread. The received sum is rounded to the nearest from the resulted standard row of workings lengths - L at table 4.10.

Table 4.10

Threaded length l₀ according to the set nominal thread diameter d_n

This table shows the actual value of working length L according to the threaded length l₀.

At the simplified drawing of a stud joint for the calculation of the working length of a stud - L the dependence is used: L=d₁+1,3×d_n,

where d₁ is the thickness of a connecting part, d_n is a nominal thread diameter.

The parameter 1,3×d_n approximately takes into account the structural sizes of the thickness of a washer, the height of a nut and stocked on length of a stud. For the implementation of the simplified drawing of a stud joint the followings correlations are used: D=2´ d_n; D_w=2,2´ d_n; H=0,8´ d_n; S_w=0,15 ´ d_n.

The structural drawing of a stud joint is shown in figure 4.22, and it is simplified in figure 4.22, b.

а) b)

Figure 4.22 – The stud joint

The parameters of a stud jack are found according to the followings dependences:

d_opening=0,85´ d_n; L_opening=L₁+0,5´ d_n.

According to these parameters a stud jack is done in figure 4.23.

Figure 4.23 – The stud jack

SCREW JOINT

The thickness of an overhead joining part and parameters of a screw are input data for the drawing of a screw joint. At the structural drawing of a screw joint (fig. 4.24, а, b, c) it is necessary to draw all structural elements of parts. The sizes of a thread, length of a screw and sizes of a base surface under a head fill in. A slot under a screwdriver is disposed under the corner 45° at the view from the face head. On the simplified drawing of a screw joint (fig. 4.24, d, e, f) the sizes of a thread and a length of a screw are marked. A slot under a screwdriver is represented an incrassate contour line. The thread opening under a screw is drawn like an opening under a stud.

а) b) c) d) e) f)

Figure 4.24 – The screw joint

The parameters of a base surface under a head of screw are regulated by State Standard 12876:2008.