External means of enriching vocabulary

Borrowings into the English language in the XV – XVII centuries are primarily due to the political events and also to the cultural and trade relations between the English people and peoples in other countries. Thus, in the XV century – the epoch of Renaissance, there appeared in the English language many words borrowed from the Italian tongue:

Cameo, archipelago, dilettante, fresco, violin, balcony, gondola, grotto, volcano;

In the XVI century – Spanish and Portuguese words such as:

Armada, Negro, tornado, mosquito, renegade, matador

And also Latin (in the language of culture of that period), for instance:

- verbs, with the characteristic endings-iate, -ute;

aggravate, abbreviate, exaggerate, frustrate, separate, irritate, contribute, constitute, persecute, execute, etc.

- adjectives ending in -ant, -end, - ior, -al:

arrogant, reluctant, evident, obedient, superior, inferior, senior, junior, dental, cordial, filial.

As a result of numerous Latin borrowings at the time there appeared many etymological doublets:

- German: kindergarten, waltz, wagon, boy, girl

- French: magazine, machine, garage, police, engine, nacelle, aileron

- Indian: bungalow, jungle, indigo

LECTURE 12