Comprehension check

4. Answer the following questions:

1. What does this text discuss?

2. What is the pavement?

3. Why is it necessary to conduct subsurface explorations to design the pavement?

4. How are different properties of the local rock and soil determined?

5. What is the function of the base course?

6. Does the thickness of the base course range in a typical rural pavement?

7. Where is the subbase situated?

8. What kinds of pavements are described in the text?

9. What kinds of surfacings of a flexible pavement are used?

10. What are the advantages of bituminous surfacing?

11. Where is asphalt surfacing used?

12. What material is used for rigid pavements?

13. What property does concrete possess when it hardens?

14. What is usually done to control cracking?

15. What is necessary to take into account when making the final choice of pavement structure?

Vocabulary practice

5. Choose the right translation of the word:

1. to create a) соединять b) создавать с) дополнять

2. to spray a) напылять b) отражать с) укатывать

3. to enable a) требовать b) давать возможность с) допускать

4. embankment a) насыпь b) прочность с) пленка

5. treatment a) отражение b) обработка с) распределение

6. durability a) упругость b) долговечность с) гибкость

7. solidify a) защищать b) обеспечивать с) затвердевать, застывать

8. additive a) добавка b) обочина с) плотность

9. stabilize a) распределять b) включать с) укреплять (грунт)

10. reinforcement a) наклон b) арматура с) износ

6. Fill in the blanks using the words below and translate the sentences:

flexible, pavement, highway, rigid, cracking, resistance, properties, gravel, site

1. The substance ________ to be determined are of great importance for our research.

2. The ________ has storage for up to 50,000 tonnes of material.

3. The road ________ must be of adequate rigidity, uniformity and resistance to wear.

4. The asphalt concrete surfacing is ________ and should, therefore, be laid over a solid stone base.

5. Broken-stone surfacings have a low ________ to wear under automobile traffic.

6. The pavement is the most expensive part of a ________.

7. The ________ road is the cheapest form of road and the simplest from the construction point of view.

8. Two classifications of pavement have been developed: flexible and ________.

9. Rigid pavement, made of Portland cement concrete, generally has greater strength but is susceptible to ________.

Language focus

7. Arrange the words according to their part of speech:

typically, removal, solidify, supplement, durability, temporary, place, thoroughly, reflect, suitable, moisten, resist, relatively, coating, shrink, cast, prevent, reinforcement, distribute, joint, harden, workability, flexible, protective, cause, stabilizer, additive.

8. Translate the following words paying attention to the prefixes and suffixes:

impermeable, unsuitable, disadvantage, motionless, unprotected, untested, useless, invisible, irregular, inaccurate, disappear.

9. Form nouns from the following words:

to resist, stiff, to add, durable, to shrink, susceptible, to distribute, to stabilize, to supply.

10. Match the words with their synonyms:

a) to conduct, to range, to glue, commonly, to involve, to ensure, to stabilize, to enhance, to solidify, to identify, to protect.

b) to connect, to vary, to carry out, to contain, to specify, usually, to reinforce, to defend, to guarantee, to enlarge, to harden.

11. Match the words with their antonyms:

a) to heat, to expand, to repair, to appear, to enhance.

b) to damage, to cool, to contract, to reduce, to disappear.

12. Translate from Russian into English:

1. Дорожная одежда – это горизонтальная конструкция, поддерживаемая естественным материалом.

2. Для того чтобы спроектировать горизонтальную конструкцию, необходимо определить строительные свойства грунта.

3. Такие свойства горной породы и грунта как прочность, жёсткость, долговечность и чувствительность к влаге определяют различными путями.

4. Дорожная одежда – это многослойная (multilayer) конструкция, состоящая из нескольких слоёв: поверхностного слоя, основания дорожной одежды, подстилающего слоя и земляного полотна.

5. Существует 2 типа дорожной одежды: нежёсткая и жёсткая дорожная одежда.

6. Выбирая тип покрытия, инженер должен принимать во внимание многие факторы.

Speaking

13. Speak about:

a) flexible pavement

b) rigid pavement