Translate from Russian into English.

1. Дорожная одежда является одним из важнейших и дорогостоящих элементов автомобильной дороги. Её стоимость составляет 50-60% от общей стоимости дороги.

2. Дорожная одежда – многослойная конструкция, состоящая из нескольких конструктивных слоёв, уложенных на тщательно спланированном и уплотнённом земляном полотне.

3. Дорожная одежда должна отвечать определённым требованиям. Она должна быть прочной, шероховатой и ровной, обеспечивающей высокий коэффициент сцепленияю.

4. Слои дорожной одежды проектируются с применением материалов различной прочности в соответствии с величиной действующих напряжений.

5. Местные материалы широко используются чтобы уменьшить стоимость строительства и сократить срок строительства.

Speaking

13. Comment on the pavement and its structural layers:

a). the surfacing c). the sub-base

b). the pavement base d). the subgrade

Writing

14. Write the summary to the text in English.

UNIT X. CONSTRUCTION

Pre-reading tasks

1. Translate the following words and memorize them:

2. Match the equivalents:

1. continuous right-of-way a) до некоторой степени

2. bearing ratio b) непрерывная (сплошная) полоса отвода

3. in-situ c) как только

4. motorized grader d) защитное покрытие

5. to some extent e) показатель плотности грунта

6. once f) напоминать выпуклость

7. to import g) начинать

8. commence h) световозвращающий отражатель

9. seal i) слегка выступать

10. retroreflector j) ограждение (установленное на раздел. полосе или на обочине)

11. to feature camber k) на месте

12. to protrude slightly l) вносить, вводить

13. crash barrier m) автогрейдер

Reading task

3. Read the text carefully and do the tasks that follow:

Road construction requires the creation of a continuous right-of-way, overcoming geographic obstacles and grades low enough to permit vehicle travel. Removal of earth and rock by digging or blasting, construction of embankments, bridges and tunnels, and removal of vegetation (this may involve deforestation) are often needed. A variety of road building equipment is employed in road building.

Once these activities are completed, construction of the pavement can begin.

Firstly the longitudinal and vertical alignment of the road is set out by a surveyor. The alignment of the road will be marked with control pegs. The pegs will have level markings as a control mechanism to ensure the road is constructed according to design levels.

Construction of the road commences with the stripping of the topsoil, within the road reserve. The topsoil is usually stockpiled nearby for the construction of embankments along the road. The in-situ ground will be removed, using a heavy motorised grader to a level specified by the civil engineer. This is considered as the roadbed level. It will be compacted using a heavy vibratory road roller. Once the roadbed has been compacted to the required density (as will be specified by the engineer), the pavement layers can now be imported.

The first layer to be imported is the selected subgrade. This is usually a gravel type material. Once placed the material is leveled off by a grader. It will be compacted to a required density, using a road roller.

The next layer to be imported is the sub-base. The subbase material is of a higher quality than the selected sub-grade. It is usually a gravel type

material with a high bearing ratio. While the material is worked Asphalt layer and roller

by a grader, it is mixed with water to aid compaction. Once the subbase layer has been compacted to its required density, the importation of the final layer can commence.

The final layer of a road is the base course consisting of gravel or crushed stone. The base course will be leveled of and compacted. Sometimes (usually for roads that will experience heavy loads) portland cement will be added to it, to ensure adequate strength of this layer. On top of the base course is placed a surface course which typically consists of asphalt concrete or a seal consisting of a mixture similar sized small stones, bitumen and portland cement. This surface course strengthens the pavement structure by spreading out the vehicle loads applied to the subgrade. It also provides a smooth and high-friction surface for vehicles to drive on.

Two important factors in road construction are ensuring adequate compaction of the pavement layers and ensuring quality control over the use of materials in the pavement layers.

Each layer should be compacted such that the density of the layer is relatively close the maximum dry density of that specific material. For road construction the density required is usually greater than 95% of the materials maximum dry density. This limits the possibility of the pavement layers from settling and therefore preventing any undulations and holes in the road surface.

Modern roads, and indeed many ancient ones, such as those built by the Romans, feature camber. This is designed to allow water to drain away from the road to its edges. Modern roads that carry motor traffic also employ camber in curves to aid traffic stability by allowing them to "bank into" the bend to some extent.

On the side of the road there may be retroreflectors on pegs, rocks or crash barriers, white toward the direction of the traffic on that side of the road, and red toward the other direction. In the road surface there may be cat's eyes: retroreflectors that protrude slightly, but which can be driven over without damage.

Road signs are often also made retroreflective. For greater visibility of road signs at daytime, sometimes fluorescence is applied to get very bright colors.